Negative Inductive
Effect (-I Effect):
- When an *electron-withdrawing group (EWG)* is attached to a carbon
chain, it pulls electron density away from the chain. This leads to a decrease in electron density along the chain.
- Example: ( C - C
δ+++ -- C
δ++ -- C
δ+--
A δ-)
- Here, A is an electron-withdrawing
group, causing a partial positive charge buildup on the adjacent carbons as
electron density is pulled towards A.
*-I
Effect Order:*
*Halogens:*
- F > Cl > Br > I
