Resonance Concept and its rules

 

Resonance Concept:

The process in which different Lewis structures can be written for a compound which involve identical positions of atoms is called resonance. The actual structure of a compound is considered to be a weighted average of all the contributing structures. The representation of real structures as a weighted average of two or more contributing structures is called resonance. These structures are also called resonance contributing structures or canonical forms. The actual structure is a resonance hybrid of all these structures. The resonance hybrid resembles each of the contributing structures but is identical to none of them.

Representation

A double-headed arrow (↔) is placed between each pair of contributing structures. For example, there are various contributing structures of benzene:

*Introduction to Electromeric Effect*

 

Electromeric Effect

*Introduction to Electromeric Effect*

- The *Electromeric Effect* is a temporary effect that occurs in organic compounds when an attacking reagent interacts with the molecule. It leads to the *complete transfer of a pair of π electrons* from one atom to another in the molecule.

- This effect is significant in the presence of multiple bonds (such as C=C or C=O), and is reversed once the attacking reagent is removed.

Inductive effect applications

 

Negative Inductive Effect (-I Effect):

   - When an *electron-withdrawing group (EWG)* is attached to a carbon chain, it pulls electron density away from the chain. This leads to a decrease in electron density along the chain.

   - Example: ( C - C ^δ+++ -- C ^δ++ -- C ^δ+-- A ^δ-) 

     - Here, A is an electron-withdrawing group, causing a partial positive charge buildup on the adjacent carbons as electron density is pulled towards A.

 *-I Effect Order:* 

*Halogens:* 

- F > Cl > Br > I 

*Inductive Effect in Organic Chemistry*

 

General Concepts of Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry:

“Branch of chemistry which deals with carbon compounds and its derivatives.”

Carbon (abundant ) → Tetravalent (4 bonds)

Organic Reactions:

Chemical reactions that are undergone by organic compounds .

Factors that determine the reactivity of organic reactions:

• Inductive effect
• Hyperconjugation
• Resonance (Mesomeric effect)
• Electromeric effect

What are Silicates? Their Types and Industrial Applications

 What are Silicates? Their Types and Industrial Applications

What are Alums? Their preparation methods and Applications

 What are Alums? Their preparation methods and Applications

Third group members of P-Block Element and their anomalous Properties

 Third group members of P-Block Element and their anomalous Properties